European Security and Defence Policy: An Analysis

European Security and Defense Policy: An Analysis Presentation Confronted with the difficulties and dangers emerging during the time spent monetary globalization and world request, Europe is attempting to react sufficiently to it, to be specific, making a general political solidarity, and shaping an European personality. Inside the EU there is ramified component of monetary, political and lawful organs and establishments, completed the cooperation of the part conditions of combination affiliations for all intents and purposes every which way. The political arrangement of the EU has increased another ground-breaking catalyst after its incorporation of lawful and institutional structure in the establishing archive of the EU in the Maastricht Treaty, the supposed second mainstay of the European Union, entitled Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). At the current phase of EU improvement the issue about viability of the CFSP and ESDP specifically is remaining exceptionally intense, that is the topic of the adequacy of the general methodology and aggregate activity in tending to international strategy issues. This inquiry is critical considering occasions identifying with the settlement of a contention in the Balkans after the breakdown of the Yugoslav state in the first place and end of the 90s., with the battle against fear based oppression after September 11, 2001 in New York and Washington, Madrid in 2004, and London in 2005 and the reproduction of Afghanistan just as the circumstance around Iraq. Late Russias intrusio n of Georgia on Aug. 7 of 2008 indicated that the danger of conventional military encounter has not vanished. In this manner, Europe must rebuild their military so as to complete military activities in both security settings, figuring out what dangers it will face and how best to counter them. It has been a long time since the rise of ESDP. During this time the EU has confronted numerous difficulties related with the execution of this strategy, extending from absence of assets, institutional shortcoming, finishing with the impact of the world players. Despite the fact that, it is still ahead of schedule to reached an unequivocal inferences with respect to the adequacy of ESDP. Notwithstanding, we can discuss some fittingness of the procedure that has been built up in this pattern. Hence the point of this individual exploration paper is an endeavor to dissect the principle issues looked by the EU towards the viable execution of ESDP, and what the potential outcomes opened up for Europe inside the structure of ESDP after the marking of the Treaty of Lisbon. This work is an examination of the exercises learned so as to incorporate them into future advancement of this foundation or some other associations. As per the motivation behind this work, it is organized into 3 sections. First part will give a chance to explain how interior and outside variables have pushed the EU to build up ESDP, just as the pretended by EU 3 (France, Germany and Great Britain) in the formation of this approach. Besides, it will investigate worry about disposition of the US towards the creation and advancement of this arrangement. Second section examined a presence of ESDP and feature the fundamental difficulties which has been distinguished by the investigator for as far back as 10 years as respects to common, military and money related assets. I have picked the whole time of ESDP presence, as this strategy is still exceptionally youthful for the completely evaluate its definitive viability and possibility. As such, this is examination of exercises learned. Third section will concentrate on the conceivable outcomes of ESDP. It will inspect what changes can be normal sooner rather than later according to this approach, with respect to the upgrades towards expanding of military and regular citizen limits. Moreover it will underline the primary changes and openings which brings recently affirmed Lisbon Treaty. The work is done by factious article strategy. This examination paper won't dissect all led and continuous missions of ESDP, additionally it won't address history of ESDP advancement, as this paper will concentrate just on issues that meddle with this arrangement to exist autonomously and viability, and the concealed prospects of this strategy that are not yet completely valued. Likewise, the inquiry concerning connection between the Greece, Turkey and Cyprus that acquires a few challenges participation among NATO and ESDP are absent in this paper. Political setting as a snag for the improvement of compelling ESDP on the contemporary stage Preconditions for the formation of ESDP So as to comprehend the marrow of ESDP it bodes well to consider the inside and outer preconditions that prompted the formation of this arrangement. Among the outside preconditions are commanded before the finish of the Cold War and the occasions of 9/11 in the U.S. At one time the showdown with Warsaw Pact had blocking the production of a genuinely European arrangement of security, moving the equalization of impact for NATO and the United States. In any case, in late 1980 the circumstance started to change quickly. The premise and reason for the transoceanic relationship had changed. Change of the geostrategic circumstance in the landmass, related with the breakdown of the Soviet Union, and, likewise, the bipolar arrangement of global relations has opened up to Western European nations, chances to turn out to be progressively appealing focal point of intensity in the circle of security. Thus, expanding financial job of the EU offered ascend to the craving of European pioneers to supplement its general discretionary and military instruments, without which the impact of the EU in worldwide issues would stay minimal. All through the 1990s the EU was searching for such apparatuses. Be that as it may, early outcomes have been average a typical international strategy and security strategy has not gotten an extremely normal and was inadequate to maintain a strategic distance from a catastrophe in the Balkans.[1] Therefore, the developing feeling that all is well with the world vacuum in Europe made nearer places of the Member States (EU MS), which prompted the emergence of ESDP. Regular military powers, which are utilized to work in Europe, didn't address the difficulties and dangers characteristic in post-bipolar world, it was the need to develop powers with adaptable structure equipped for performing non-conventional military capacities. To keep up the security structure at the current level were required costly frameworks. Furthermore, the goals of emergency circumstances required the nearness of profoundly versatile units, outfitted with the most recent weapons and correspondence frameworks. The military spending plans of the most country states have been not able to meet the prerequisites of the military division improvements. Therefore, Europe has left two choices: to keep on depending on the United States or endeavor to incorporate into the military circle and make own powers. Sooner or later another boost for the advancement of a free ESDP had showed up, for example, conflict with U.S. unilateralism and U.S. control of NATO. The distinctions in the places of the U.S. what's more, Europe developed during the contentions in the Balkans and, most obviously during the Iraqi emergency. European readiness has been incited by the genuine change of NATO in the conductor of the American worldwide system. In this manner, the European states felt that they can not depend altogether on the U.S. as an underwriter of security in the locale, and questioned that Washingtons strategy towards Europe would be reliable with their inclinations and needs. Subsequently, it turned out to be evident that if the EU looks to impact worldwide approach plan, as opposed to follow in the wake of the United States, it will at last require the availability and capacity to utilize cruel intends to guarantee security. In this way, the formation of ESDP was the most proper system through wh ich pressing issues would be comprehended. The EU 3 (Britain, France and Germany) and their job being developed of ESDP The genuine achievement in the European participation in security circle were the understandings reached at the Franco-British culmination in Saint-Malo (December 1998). In the highest point assertion had been referenced about the need to give chances to EU independent military activities, so the EU would have the option to make choices and lead military move in situations where the [Atlantic] Alliance isn't included [in the goals of the crisis].[2] The dealings, started by the British side, were not constrained by the revelations and the European Council in 1999 and 2000s had been taken various choices so as to fortify the CFSP and make ESDP. At the Cologne highest point institutional structure of ESDP has been fixed, and thereafter at the Helsinki culmination expressed the principle objective, later changed into list of powers. This objective was about creation constantly of 2003 such capacities that would permit operational organization of powers with the qualities of 50-60 a grea t many soldiers (fast response power) that could support themselves at any rate one year, the last guidelines were at long last found in the Treaty of Nice, marked in February 2001. Up till now, there is a contradiction among the EU 3, about how the EU can turn into a progressively successful and persuasive entertainer on the planet and what relations it must form with the US. These distinctions are related with various ways to deal with the European reconciliation when all is said in done. It will be thought of, the job have been playing by Britain, France and Germany in ESDP, and what the significant contrasts of their dreams towards the usage and embodiment of this approach. The primary point which is significant to bring up is the issue What ESDP is for? what's more, we could discover particularly various methodologies from the Three, where the British put stock in a transoceanic Europe, the French embrace the idea of Europe as a force, while the Germans are profoundly dedicated to the possibility of Europe as a specialist for peace.[3] Further it will uncover these methodologies all the more profoundly. For quite a while, Britain stayed a resolute partner of the US, and didn't felt the need to

Catcher In The Rye Literary Analysis Essay Example For Students

Catcher In The Rye Literary Analysis Essay Some may state that the principle character of J.D. Salingers tale The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, is simply the normal youngster, in spite of the fact that he assumes about sex and ladies a considerable amount for his age of sixteen. This point can be effectively contended from multiple points of view, one model being the time Holden called an ideal outsider, Faith Cavendish, to get together at an uncontrollable time of night. Another case of the principle characters corruption is the point at which he employed a whore named Sunny, and never really practiced anything. One final model could be Caulfields by and large impression and presumptuousness with regards to sex and ladies. In end Holden Caulfield is engaged in sexual idea. The heroes obsession with individuals from the other gender would first be able to be contended when he telephones a young lady whos number he got from a person he meet once at a gathering; he said that the young lady was not actually a prostitute or anything other than rather didnt mind doing it now and again. After Holden had invested a decent measure of energy attempting to convince her to meet him, since he was feeling quite horny, the young lady, Faith Cavendish, at long last found him to enroll the solution of no into his cerebrum. Now Faith inquired as to whether he might want to meet for drinks the following day, yet he declined, on the grounds that the following day he may not be feeling horny any longer. Clearly, the fundamental character was so resolved to accomplish something hot that night he turned down a well disposed greeting, which demonstrates that Holden Caulfield is entranced by sex and ladies. Over all on the grounds that the hero called an obscure lady for sex, at that point rejected her proposition for a social gathering the following day; Holden is clearly focused with both sex and ladies. Second, another case of Holdens corruption is the point at which he recruits a whore named Sunny from the lift man at his lodging. Albeit some may state that calling an outsider in the night, as Holden did with Faith, is ordinary, however recruiting a whore when one is sixteen years of age is a long way from normal. After the whore, Sunny, showed up in Holdens room and had peeled off her dress Holden deceived her adage that he had a harmed clavichord so he could pull out of carrying out the thing, rather than conceding that he didnt need to; this caused vexation from both Sunny and the lift man (Sunnys pimp), Maurice, and came about in Holden getting beat up by Maurice since he didnt follow through on the full cost. While this may appear to be less strange right now, in the mid-nineteen hundreds this conduct was totally unsatisfactory. All things consi dered, Holdens uncontrollable conduct shows that he is fixated on ladies and sex. A last case of Holdens interest with sex and females is his over all mentality toward individuals. This can be bolstered when Holden runs into certain nuns at a sandwich shop and they begin discussing Romeo and Juliet, an ageless exemplary by a recognized essayist, and Caulfield begins to think, it was kind of embarrassingto be discussing Romeo and Juliet with her the nuns. I imply that play gets entirely attractive in certain parts; this demonstrates the fundamental character couldnt even get his considerations far from sex, in any event, when with nuns. Another case is when Holden is trusting that Sunny will come up to his room and he begins expressing such things as Ive had many chances to lose my virginity and all, which shows that he is clearly somewhat more then certain about his suavity. One final occurrence was when Caulfield was remaining at his ex-instructor, Mr. Antolinis, house (which was liberal of Antolini), and when Holden was shocked alert on the grounds that Antolini was tapping his head and Holden quickly went out, believing that Antolini was being flitty and contemplating internally that I know all the more damn pervertsthan anyone youve ever met, and theyre continually being perverty when Im around. All in all, the focal character is a strange youth due to his general activities and emotions towards young ladies and sex. .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .postImageUrl , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:hover , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:visited , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:active { border:0!important; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:active , .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b 6597723308bf .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4ae9944d213ff2bef33b6597723308bf:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Alexander The Great EssayIn review, Holden Caulfield, the hero in The Catcher in

FINAL PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Last PAPER - Essay Example The wings of the falcon are spread; as though the bird is in flight or going to take off. A pad joined to a wooden stick extends out at the base of the artistic creation. It appears that the falcon is conveying the cushion for what it's worth going to fly. The pad is partitioned into equal parts on account of the manner in which it is held tight a bit of string (Kleiner, 2014). The various components of the artwork don't frame an entire yet rather appear incoherent components in the whole composition. Rauschenberg has primarily utilized natural tones in this work of art. The utilization of brilliant hues in the work of art is restricted to simply the upper focal part and even those hues are not splendid. The overwhelming hues in the fine art are earthy colored and dark. The whole consolidate has a harsh vibe to it. It helps watchers to remember Dadaism where the goal was not to satisfy the watcher yet rather to point out the workmanship piece. Indeed, even for this situation, the work of art doesn't show up stylishly satisfying to the eye. It comprises of various components that don't sound good to the conventional watcher. Just individuals with a workmanship foundation would probably comprehend the essentialness of the fine art. This craftsmanship attempts to catch the quintessence of Rembrandts painting, The Rape of Ganymede. The dangling pad is intended to be the hindquarters of the kid who was being completed by the falcon. As far as surface, Rauschenberg has presented a wide range of surfaces in the work of art. These incorporate the masses of paint, the hawk and the dangling pad. Every ha an alternate surface to it and joined, they make an unpleasant surface. It is the utilization of the various surfaces that makes the craftsmanship so engaging. The surfaces entice the watchers to consider the work of art intently and even touch it to comprehend its vibe. As far as shading, the work of art emits an exceptionally bleak impact. The prevalent hues utilized in the join are earthy colored and dark. The remainder of the hues are hearty hues. The

Finance Budgeting Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Budgeting, if not used effectively, can result in underperformance, corruption and even the failure of the organisation. Budgeting has been used as a method of coordination and control but when left unregulated it can result in the very worst kind of opportunistic behaviour. As a result there have been a number of developments in budgeting, such as the rolling budget and benchmarking performance. It is dependent on the organisation which method of budgeting is optimal. Traditionally budgeting has been used by organisations as an accounting tool to plan and control the activities within an organisation or rather The quantitative expression of a plan of action and an aid to the coordination and implementation of the plan (Bhimani et al, 2008, p935). In relation to planning managers are expected to forecast sales, profit, and capital expenditure (Hope and Fraser 2003). This information is then analysed by executive managers and the forecasts of all the different departmen ts within the organisation are coordinated and adapted to create a final budget. These budgets are usually set for a short period of time, usually a year, and are set months before the time the budget start date. It is therefore a good way for managers to communicate as these budgets would supposedly identify any potential problems within the departments and plan to action them in the next budget. For example potential bottle necking whereby a department uses more resources than it produces. It also allows each department to understand where it lies in the coordination of the organisation. When a budgeted target is fixed management is evaluated in relation to whether or not they have met the target which provides a measure of control. Managers are directly responsible for the performance of the activities they coordinate and monitor. If managers meet the target they will be rewarded, however if they fail it will reflect badly on their performance, this system provides motivation. It also allows for authorised expenditure so departments do not have to seek permission for purchasing which saves time. Each year the budget can be reviewed and modified in order to better suit the actual performances and to allocate resources more effectively. On the surface the idea of traditional budgets seems an effective way to coordinate and monitor an organisation, in reality it can lead to underperformance, corruption and even failure of the organisation. Managers are set a target with the incentive of a bonus so if the target is reached their priority will be to meet the target. As the target has a deadline they will aim to meet the goal irrespective of the long term affect on the organisation. Targeting can lead to a reduction in quality of goods and services. For example if a furniture store set their sales team a target and they could sell to customers on credit they may sell furniture to customers who may be unable to pay back the credit. But the short term results are what matters in terms of bonuses not the long term credibility of the customers. If managers are unable to meet the short term target managers may manipulate results in order to receive a higher bonus in the next period rather that not receive the bonus two periods in a row (Big Bath Theory, Jensen, 2003, p387). As a result it will be difficult for an organisation to have the information required to set an accurate budget in future as a result the communication benefits are reduced. Managers may also manipulate information in order that the target will be set lower than they are capable of achieving and so there is no pressure to work at maximum capacity (Slack Budget). Budgeting therefore promotes manipulation of information by creative accounting, and a reduction in the quality of performance of departments. Traditional budgeting is very inflexible and in times of turbulence of an economy or market it is not easily adapted. Targets are set sometimes months before a time period begins and then fixed for the entire period. As there is no way to predict the changes in the state of the economy or particular changes of circumstances within a market traditional budgets do not allow for these changes. Traditional budgets are also very time consuming absorbing up to 30% of management time (Hope and Fraser 2003) this man power has a cost as every time a fixed budget has to be revised resources are allocated away from other activities. It is also time consuming to negotiate and coordinate a new budget with all the departments in the organisation and by the time a revised budget is agreed it could be too late for it to be effective. Budgets were intended as a way for executives to stay close to customer information and adapt accordingly. However this time consuming nature results in any change being made redundant and the manipulation of information, leading to false information, would result in the wrong changes being implemented. As budgets are fixed it prevents innovation as for innovation to be undertaken in traditional budgeting an organisation will need to be worked into the budget before hand so innovation is stifled. The obsession with the detail makes it difficult for an organisation to adapt when necessary to the changing circumstances within the environment they operate. In the cases of the budgets over estimating authorised expenditure managers will use every penny they have been allocated so as to keep the same expenditure in the next budget. In contrast Kaizen budgeting could be incorporated whereby the budget explicitly incorporates continuous improvement during the budget period into the resultant budget numbers. (Bhimani et al 2008) As a result the role of traditional budgeting must be abolished and a more modern type of budgeting should be adopted. One of these ideas is the idea of a rolling budget whereby a budget is produced every three months and covers a set period of time typically between 5-8 quarters ( p112 Hope and Fraser 2003). These types of budget eliminate the problem of a fixed dead line so in manipulating performance statistics, so as to reach the target at the end of the year, managers would instead have an incentive to continue performance continuously. Each year two further budgets could be provided to managers one showing the four year plan and one a ten year plan, for example (p112 Hope and Fraser 2003). This would promote long term planning as opposed to short term manipulation of performance. This type of budget is a lot quicker to put together due to its nature and will also be capable of adapting to environmental turbulences relatively quickly. Kaplan and Norton (1992) created the Balance Scorecard as a measure of performance where it not only concentrate on financial dimensions of performance but also take into account non-financial ones. This is achieved through incorporation of customer, Leaning and growth, and internal efficiency perspectives. (Cieslak and K alling 2007 p3). Benchmarking is another option where key performance indicators (KPI) are used to compare the work of an individual, or section of the organisations. These benchmarks can be set against peers within the same organisation or peers of a competitor organisation. In this case the comparison is relative rather than set and so the focus is shifted from short term goals of the firm to long term improvement and performance of individuals and their department (Drew 1997). The benchmarks are set on process, product/services and strategy (Drew 1997). The information required to improve efficiency lies with the employees and so innovation is able to emerge as more responsibility is given to the workers. Communication is restored and the time taken on setting out a budget is reduced as the aim is not to achieve a target but to get the best result. Jensen (2003) would argue that the source of the loss of integrity is the managerial hierarchy and so decentralisation could be a solution. This decentralisation can be achieved by giving more power to the workers in the form of participating in budget setting (Hofstede 1968 the game of budgetary control p175). This can act as a source of motivation as the workers will feel empowered rather than suppresses by the target setting focus on figures rather than quality. This can also act as a source of learning for both ends of the hierarchy. Stewart (1990) argued that the decentralisation of debt equity was another way to motivate the workers. While there is a very negative perception of the traditional role Marginson and Ogden (2004) for the benefits of traditional marketing. Managers welcomed the certainty created by the combination of clear goals and well-specified objectives and a performance evaluation system that was tightly focused on how successfully those objectives have been achieved (Marginson and Ogden 2004 p436). It is also worth considering the cost of implementing such changed, as organisations w ill have to retrain their workers and reorganise the system (Jensen, 2003, p403). As a result organisations must assess the costs and benefits to their specific organisation before abandoning traditional budgeting entirely. Traditional budgeting in small firms could still be effective. In conclusion the full benefit of abolishing traditional budgeting is dependent entirely on how effectively an organisation implements new developments. While developments such as rolling budgets and benchmarking solve some of the problems there is a cost of introducing them. Therefore traditional budgeting should not be abolished entirely in all organisations but instead careful consideration should be taken in deciding what should be implemented and how this should be done. References Bhimani, A, C. T. Horngren, S. M. Datar and G. Foster, 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. Essex. Pearson Education Limited. Hope, J. And R. Fraser. 2003. Who needs Budgets? Harvard Business Review. 81(2). pp. 108-115. Jensen, M. C., 2003. Paying People to Lie: the Truth about Budgeting Process. European Financial Management. 9(3). pp. 379-406 Kaplan, R. S. And D. P. Norton. 1992. The Balanced Scorecard-Measures That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review. 70(1). pp. 71-79. Cieslak, K. and T. Kalling. 2007. Reasons behind contemporary use of budgets.NNF conference, 9-11 August 2007, Bergen. Lund University, Sweden: pp1-6. Drew, S. A. W. 1997. From Knowledge to Action:Impact of Benchmarking on the Organizational Performance. Long Range Planning. 30(3). pp. 427-441. Great Britain. Elsevier Science Ltd. Hofstede, G. H. 2001. The Game of Budgetary Control. London. Routledge. Stewart, G. B. 1990. Remaking the Public Corporation from Within. Harvard Business Review. 68(4). pp. 126-137. Marginson, D. and S. Ogden. 2005. Coping with ambiguity through the budget: the positive effects of budgetary targets on managers budgeting behaviour. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 30. pp. 435-456.

Personal Narrative An Open Letter - 1256 Words

From Mormonism to Athesim An open letter: A Brief Intro/Background I would like to convey to you my recent shift in world view. That is to say that I recently came to realize and accept that I am an atheist. Let me be clear by what I intend to convey by identifying as such. I do not mean to say I am opposed to religion, or claim there is no God. I still identify very much with LDS culture and attend church regularly. Rather, I identify as an atheist as a way to convey that I seem to have lost Faith that there is a God. Over the last year I studied and pondered in great depth hoping to discover as best I could truth. Before I get there I want to be clear as to the perspective in which I am coming from. I was raised in an active and loving family in the LDS Church. My family is still very active, my father and my mother have served in leadership roles. They are both full of faith and charity and am grateful for their love and support throughout my life. I, myself have served in leadership roles in the church, both as a young man and as a missionary for the church. I served a 2 year mission in west Texas spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ as I understood it. I was married in an LDS temple to my wonderful wife. What I believed and my beliefs about God: Text: The LDS Faith has four books that make up canonized scripture. Bible, (King James Version) Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. I believed in a Omniscient, Omnipotent, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1184 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses a ‘framed narrative using three different characters who tell their story at different times of the novel. In the beginning of the story, the audience receives Captain Walton s point of view, who primarily writes letters to his sister Margaret Saville, in England. 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The Country s Liberation Committee Of Vietnam - 1315 Words

Swamps, days of rain, not knowing when you are going to be the attacker or the one being attacked, fighting for the people whose leaders are denying them the rights to make their own choices their right to be free! They are fighting for people who are struggling against their own, who will do next to nothing to take over, for power, to have complete control. Take away the freedom of those who want to be free and not ruled by a king or dictator. In nineteen forth-five Vietnam was under the reign of a man named Ho Chi Min. Ho Chi Minh wanted to declare independence for Vietnam so he and his congressional people create the nation’s liberation committee of Vietnam to form a provisional government (â€Å"Vietnam†). A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by a collapse of a very large government (â€Å"Vietnam†). 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Managing Sustainable Growth Rate

Question: Discuss about the Managing Sustainable Growth Rate. Answer: Introduction: A public listed company is a business entity whose ownership is divided among public who buy its shares on the stock exchange platform (Boyett 2013). Companies Act 2013 u/s 2(71) defines a public company as one which is not a private company and has a minimum paid up share capital of Rupees five lakhs (Mca.gov.in 2017). Tata Motors is an Indian public limited company which has a global presence lead by able CEO and CFO. This assignment is a study of comparison between CEO and CFO in a public limited keeping Tata Motors in the light and the external and internal factors these two officers have to deal with. The next section is a study of key financing strategy during 2001-2002 and 2004 and its affect on maximizing the wealth of the shareholders. Chief Executive officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO): A chief executive officer is the highest executive officer in a public limited company whose main job role is to take important decisions and managing the working of the entire company. He also communicates between the board of directors in which he may have a position and the operation wings of the company. A chief financial officer is a corporate officer primarily empowered to take financial decisions, planning and financial reporting. He also looks after risks and presents the financial analysis before the CEO and the board of directors. The CFO takes part in budget management, cost benefit analysis, forecasting needs and sourcing of funds. The CEO and CFO are very important positions in a public limited company having their own areas of operations. The main difference between the two is that the CEO is the highest operations officer in the company whereas the CFO is head of the finance department. The CEO reports to the board of directors and above while the CFO reports to the CEO, board of directors or to the president of the company. However, both of them have positions of strategic importance and may be in the board. A CEO being the top executive in the company has to take decisions in all matter like human resource, financial matters like risk and funding, board administration and acts as a communicators to the board of directors. The CFO, being the top financial officer of the company advises the CEO and the board about the financial aspects of all these areas. The CEO and the CFO are top officers in a public limited company like Tata Motors and are affected by various internal and external environmental factors and take crucial decisions about them. The present CEO worldwide is Guenter Butschek and the position of CFO is held by Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan. Internal business environment factors: The strategic strength of the employees is the biggest internal business factor of a company. Tata Motors should recruit eligible candidates as its employees should train them regularly to improve their knowledge. The management should evaluate the employees from time to time and reward them with promotions and awards to recognize their efforts. It must also try to motivate and give further training to weak employees to bring improve their performance. Tata Motors should practice a healthy and ethical organizational culture to promote a positive job environment for all (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Tata Motors today caters to the world market and has proved its competitive strength by acquiring Jaguar Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. It has competitors like Toyota, Mahindra, Ford and Ashok Leyland (Kumar and Bhatia 2015). This necessitates continuous innovation in all aspects like vehicle designing, pricing and competitive planning to stay ahead of its rivals both within India, its home country and abroad (Porter, Cunningham and Sanz 2013). Innovation is driven by technology and is a continuous process. The RD wing of Tata Motors situated in India and UK are trying to introduce cars like Zest and Bolt which allow customers to choose between driving mode depending on their requirements (Tatamotors.com 2017). External factors affecting Tata Motors External factors or macro economic factors are those factors which are beyond a companys control and is summed up as Political, Economical, Social and technological abbreviated as PEST. Tata Motors is an Indian multinational car manufacturing company which has presence in several countries and has huge market strength. The company should be aware of the political systems prevalent in various countries in which it has its presence. Tata Motors is a multinational car manufacturer having presence in segments goods carrier, family cars and utility and emergency vehicles. Its customers profile consists of state governments, the ministry of defense, manufacturers, fire and safety services and house hold. This makes the company open to various types of taxation types and slab. Tata Motors should be aware of the tariffs and duties of each market and also international laws. The company should be aware of laws relating to land, labour and all other aspects of its business (Yadav 2013). The huge market of Tata Motors and the size of the company present a huge challenge for the CFO and CEO. They should be aware of all the political factors, national as well as international and make policies according to them. The CFO should frame business models which the company should follow to take the advantage of political factors around the world. Tata motors have presence in countries with varying economic conditions. It has to take into consideration the purchase power of the customers of a particular country to decide on the products, pricing, promotions and all other aspects (Stobart 2016). The CFO should study the various models related to pricing and discuss the matter with other departments like RD and marketing to choose the best model. The CEO too has a significant role to act according to the CFO and best arrive at the decision that will guide the entire organization. Inflation is affecting the most of the big countries leading to fall in currency value and increase prices (Johnson 2014). The company is also affected by changing currency exchange rates and other international laws relating to finance. The tough economic condition poses a very tough challenge before the two top officers as they have to choose the best investing and funding options. The per capita income of a country is directly related to infrastructure, technology, employee productivity, lifestyles and purchase power of the people. For example, an expensive car like Land Rover will find more customers in the UK than in a poor country. The decision is a crucial thing affecting not only the Tata but the entire market. A right economic strategy can create a milestone whereas a faulty decision can cause a huge loss. Cars are not only a necessity but also a symbol of status, have got religious implications and also a product financed by loans at present. People buy cars during festive occasions and consider it auspicious. The banks also give loans at relaxed interest rates during this time (Fuller 2016). Tata Motors should time the production as per the period and price them according to the various financing options available. The CFO and the CEO can also consider engaging the financial services verticals like Tata Finance and Tata AIA Life insurance during this time to attract buyers. The entire automobile industry is dependent on the progress of science, technology and innovation for its existence. It can also be pointed out that all the countries where Tata Motor operates do not have equal level of technological advancement and entrepreneurial advantage. This factor plays an important role in product designing and pricing. It can also acquire ancillary units in various countries to get access to local market and gain control over it. Moreover, taking over local ancillary unit ensures easy repair and maintenance services to the people, thus increasing customer satisfaction and boosting sales. The CEO and the CFO should allocate high resources towards technological development because that is very crucial to the very existence of the firm. New products at affordable prices ensure customer satisfaction giving a competitive advantage to Tata. The Key Financing Strategic Decision: Financing plays a key big role in deciding the goal and performance of a firm. It finds importance in every strategy and plan and deals with the best utilization of the limited resources. A proper finance decision depends on the coordination and cooperation of all the administrative levels and departments. It finds application in various areas like human resources, accounting and finance functions. Free cash flow is the indication of the financial soundness of a company and its ability to utilize its financial resources to generate future profits. An increase in cash flow increases working capital which is important for the operations of the entire company. A steady flow of cash allows a firm to invest in research and technology, employ quality human resource and financing (Bollerslev, Xu and Zhou 2015). The company has always gained expertise in allocating its resources in key business areas under the leadership of its CFOs and CEOs A proper financial strategy includes choosing the best financing options so that the firm can ensure steady production. This would increase market penetration, customer satisfaction and competitive advantage earning economic value to the firm. Tata Motors incurred heavy losses in 2000 due to low demand. However, it increases profit in2001 by introduction of light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles. This jump would not have been possible with the engineers and the steady financing. Thus, it can be pointed that a experienced CFO ensures continuous flow of funds to keep operation going on and increase the wealth of the company through profits. Tata Motors has presence all over the world which means it has to manage a vast fixed and current assets. Assets are used to run the business and consist of land, furniture, vehicles, cash, accounts receivable and even stock of goods. Tata Motors has offices and factories all over the world, so it has to decide how much asset it should allocate in which location and to what extent so as to ensure production.. It should ensure that the assets in a particular location should be too excess and nor too scarce to run the business (Campbell, Jardine and McGlynn 2016. Fixed assets depreciate and have to be replaced. The CFO should decide the pattern to dispose and write off these assets from the books of accounts in the most appropriate method (accrual, straight line and so on) (Archibald 1967). Another important thing about asset management is acquiring assets from the best sources at the best price (Buckley et al 2016). The success of a company depends a lot on its capability to control i ts assets. Current assets consist of liquid cash, inventory, cash in bank and accounts receivable or sundry debtors. Current assets like cash come from funding in various forms, investments and from various other sources. The company must choose the appropriate method of financing and also be aware of the various financial institutions and their rules. The company must set up ware houses to store the inventories (Raw material, WIP and finished goods). It can again choose whether to set up its own ware houses (an asset) or rent one (expenses) (Roth and Sims 1991). Financing decision and capital structure- Tata Motors being a multinational company requires continuous finance and expasion of business. It should decide on the capital structure. This decision also includes the extent of mechanization meaning, how much human resource it should use. Capital refers to the assets, both current and fixed and investments which are required for the day to day working of the firm. The firm can choose human resource for production or mechanized production. The way of production and financing will affect accounting. For example, loan will increase liabilities whereas investment will increase assets. It can choose between debt financing like debentures or in any other form of capital structure. The jump back of 2001 stated before in fact, helped Tata Motors to pay back its previous debts. Thus, a proper financing strategy does not only allow a firm to earn profits but also pay back debts. Risk management and assessment: The capital structure and the financing modes decide the flow of funds for continuous operations. Tata Motors has vast assets, employee hundreds of people, is affected by PESTEL and has to pay huge amount of taxes. (Rachet 2014). The company is also faces stiff competition worldwide. These factors make the job of risk management by CFO extremely challenging. There is a need to assessment the various types of investment and business expansion which are subject to risks. There should also be measures to assess and manage the risks. The job of CFO is to assess and analyze the risk and choose the best tool to control these risks for operation (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015.). This also affects the books of accounts. A strong risk management gives financial strength and stability to the business. TATA Motors has increased its presence in the markets of Europe, Africa, Australia and Middle East with revenue of more than USD 4 billion. The company has concentrated on meeting the requirements of these markets to get a deeper market penetration. This strategic move of expansion will require the involvement of the CFO and the CEOs. Thus, the expanded market will allow TATA Motors to diversify the business risks over its international market. Tax Management: Tata Motors entered global markets in 2004 under leadership of its CFO Praveen Kedle. The CFO has to decide on the tax planning and tax management strategies to minimize tax liability since it leads to erosion of cash. Tata Motors continuously expands its business by acquisitions and joint ventures. For example, Tata Motors entered joint venture with Marco Polo with 51% and 49% shares respectively to manufacture buses (da Rocha, Arkader, and de Ges 2015). This dynamic expansion faces various types of taxes increasing the tax liabilities (Patnaik 2014). The CFO should do tax planning both for short term and long term. He must also ensure that the company complies with various income tax rules and structures so as to avoid penalties. Tax planning includes tax management and goes a long way in reducing the tax liability (Graham at al. 2013. Thus it helps in increasing current assets of the company thus showing an increase of resources in the books of accounts (Stein and Vadlamudi 2013). The CFO has immense role to play that TATA is able to minimize its tax expenses and get more favorable business concession from the government Influence of financial planning on goal achievement: The ultimate mission to set up a business is to earn profit by controlling the risk factors. Tata Motors is a public limited company having a global market whose ownership lies in the hand of the share holders. CFO and CEO are contract employees who are employed to control the strategies of the company to maximize shareholders profit. Finacial decisions regarding asset management, risk management and the other factors the operation and profit making ability. CFOs like Praveen Kadle can help even a global giant like Tata Motors to turn around with their expertise, pushing the limits attitude and minutely crafted strategic moves (Lessard, Lucea and Vives 2013). Conclusion: It can be summed up from the above analysis that Tata Motors is a global company exposed to various external and internal business factors. The company has able CFO who makes financial strategies under the guidance of the CEO to keep the company ahead of its competitors. References: Archibald, T.R., 1967. The return to straight-line depreciation: An analysis of a change in accounting method.Journal of accounting Research, pp.164-180. Bollerslev, T., Xu, L. and Zhou, H., 2015. Stock return and cash flow predictability: The role of volatility risk.Journal of Econometrics,187(2), pp.458-471. Boyett, I., 2013. The public sector entrepreneur?a definition.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research. Buckley, P.J., Munjal, S., Enderwick, P. and Forsans, N., 2016. Cross-border acquisitions by Indian multinationals: Asset exploitation or asset augmentation?.International Business Review,25(4), pp.986-996. Campbell, J.D., Jardine, A.K. and McGlynn, J. eds., 2016.Asset management excellence: optimizing equipment life-cycle decisions. CRC Press. da Rocha, A., Arkader, R. and de Ges, B.B., 2015. International expansion of Marcopolo (B): Manufacturing in the other side of the world.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.241-254. Fuller, G.W., 2016. Introduction. InThe Great Debt Transformation(pp. 1-24). Palgrave Macmillan US. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Graham, J.R., Hanlon, M., Shevlin, T. and Shroff, N., 2013. Incentives for tax planning and avoidance: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review,89(3), pp.991-1023. Johnson, H.G., 2014. World inflation, the developing countries, and an integrated programme for commodities.PSL Quarterly Review,29(119). Kumar, S. and Bhatia, G.K., 2015. The Need and Effectiveness of Research and Development in Indian Automobile Industry: A Comparative Study of Maruti Suzuki and Tata Motors.International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences,5(2), pp.56-64. Lessard, D., Lucea, R. and Vives, L., 2013. Building Your Companys Capabilities Through Global Expansion.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(2), p.61. Mca.gov.in. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.mca.gov.in/SearchableActs/Section2.htm [Accessed 13 Jan. 2017]. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Patnaik, M., 2014. Tax, Lies and Redtape. Porter, A.L., Cunningham, S.W. and Sanz, A., 2013, July. Extending the FIP (Forecasting Innovation Pathways) approach through an automotive case analysis. In2013 Proceedings of PICMET'13: Technology Management in the IT-Driven Services (PICMET)(pp. 2061-2075). IEEE. Rachet, B., 2014. PESTEL analysis and Porters Five Forces For Innocent Drinks Company.Docs. school Publications. Roth, H.P. and Sims, L.T., 1991. Costing for warehousing and distribution.Strategic Finance,73(2), p.42. Stein, D.M. and Vadlamudi, H., 2013. ENHANCING ACTIVE TAX-MANAGEMENT. Stobart, P. ed., 2016.Brand power. Springer. Tatamotors.com. (2017). Innovation at Tata Motors | Tata Motors Annual Report 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.tatamotors.com/investors/financials/71-ar-html/innovation.html [Accessed 13 Jan. 2017]. Tatamotors.com. (2017). Tata Tiago Hatchback First Look Its #Fantastico! | Tata Motors Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.tatamotors.com/product/tiago/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017]. Tatamotors.com. (2017). Tata Ultra Light Trucks | Light Commercial Vehicles | Tata Motors Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.tatamotors.com/product/ultra/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017]. Yadav, A.P., 2013. Managing Sustainable Growth Rate: A Case Study on Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki.Accounting Review,1(4).